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The Role of Online Tutors in Higher Education Learning
‘Online tutoring’ is a term commonly used in a broad range of educational contexts to indicate a set of activities made possible through the combination of digital technologies and teaching. In the more specific context of higher education, online tutoring is more commonly used to indicate a defined role typically associated with a course. That person, the online tutor, is typically assigned the responsibilities of engaging students in the learning process, facilitating a supportive learner community, providing academic support, and guiding students to adhere to course and institutional assessment requirements. Given the critical importance of good online tutor practice in the higher education setting, it is concerning that there is no professional body to whom they are accountable. Online tutors employed by higher education providers, termed a variety of terms including associate lecturer, course leader, tutor, or associate teacher, typically hold a qualification at or above the level of the course they are tutoring. The range of qualifications might span from recent graduates, trained in approaches to teaching in higher education, to those with additional expertise in the subject matter, in pedagogy of a particular mode of delivery, or in sessional teachers having been employed at multiple educational institutions.
Graduate teaching assistants, research students, and subject matter experts have all been involved in tutoring higher education for many years, with providing online tutoring as one of the more recent developments. Online tutoring in higher education is unique when compared to others, such as tutoring in an academic domain or involving young learners. The unique difference lies in the nature of the tutor-tutee relationship, tutor practices, and the responsibilities associated with the role. While much is known about tutoring in other contexts, we appear to have a blind spot when it comes to the roles and responsibilities associated with online tutors in higher education.
Online tutoring is a major activity within university e-learning systems. In e-learning, significant benefits can be gained by matching the roles and skills of the tutor to the learning preferences of the student. This paper describes a range of online tutor roles and the potential for their inclusion within the learning systems. The demand for online tutors in universities is increasing, and trainee tutors need to learn how to tutor students in online environments. Few actual courses specializing in e-tutoring exist. The paper presents a case for training tutors within the university either through existing provision or dedicated courses. A teaching and learning approach to tutoring is described and experienced, and potential online tutors reflect on their learning. It is argued that tutors bring with them both online and real-world expectations and that role adaptation is the core of tutor online skill development.
Online tutors can stimulate student reflection through response to submitted work. There are a number of benefits to students, tutors, and institutions in the use of audio e-tutoring. It will be important for institutions to provide appropriate support for both students and tutors in order to realize long-term benefits. A review conducted on the various ways tutors might contribute to learning in a Problem-based Learning (PBL) were identified. The discussion looked not only at oral interaction but at the Power Distribution of the interaction. Using the categories devised by Gibbons in a study looking at classroom interactions, it was found that tutors were actually less dominant than might be expected.
The data course market study conducted by Inside Track found that 62 percent of institutions that offer tutoring for fully online courses use online support through chat, either exclusively or combined with learning labs and in-person tutoring. However, a comprehensive part of tutors did not receive specific training for this or appropriate support, which in our view can affect the quality of the students’ learning process. Based on our experience with a distance learning project, we believe that introducing tutors to the theoretical and practical basis of synchronous distance online tutors can provide a construct that allows us to more analytically understand this form of support. To make a diagnosis, we will use previous studies that discuss general guidelines for drawing up successful coaching programs and count on the experience of professionals in the area with language.
Using the model proposed by Motorola (2003), which divides disciplines into four groups, we mapped the following subjects: models and concepts for understanding tutoring; relational aspects; technological mediation knowledge and acting professionalism. The aim is to promote reflection about the function of the tutor and his relationship with online learning. It also offers tips on action suitable for this format. The guide presented in Appendix I brings together an orientation questionnaire for tutors who intend to use the DEPTOR model by reflection and raises issues that will assist in an ethical tutoring relationship.
While e-learning has made a considerable impact in most areas of education, its corollary, online tutoring, too appears to play an integral role in that process. This chapter, therefore, focused on an examination of the unique domain of online tutoring in the higher education sector. The concept of tutoring along with its significant historical and contemporary value were initially explored and, in so doing, the chapter provided insights into how online tutoring – embraced as an innovative research frontier – makes a significant contribution to contemporary notions of learning. The motivation to utilize online education to challenge corporate dominance within the education sector quickly establishes the central nexus of the chapter. Other motivating factors behind the interest in online tutoring including the implications and challenges of utilizing ICTs as learning tools, consumer market demand, demands for lifelong learning, antagonistic teaching cultures, economic efficiency, and research dimensions are also considered. Unique features and styles of online tutoring compared to traditional tutorials round off the introductory part of the chapter before research in online tutoring is reviewed.
What makes online tutoring challenging reveals an interesting research frontier. This focuses on exploration through the eyes of online learners while uncovering the opportunities and limitations of virtual learning environments and provides an interesting foundation for the work of e-tutors. However, contemporary education systems are notoriously slow to change, as such research into e-tutoring performs a particularly important ‘wake-up’ call to the traditional face-to-face teaching dyad. Hierarchical control of knowledge within the industrial education complex is neither irreversible nor universally beneficial. The corporate university is challenged from within the capitalist quadrant of inculcating barbarians at the gate and from outside through research debunking the last vestiges of Buchanan’s higher educational myths. The final parts (conclusion and recommendations) conclude the chapter and point to some areas that should be addressed in future research for the successful attraction and sustenance of online higher education tutors.
The online tutors’ responsibilities are similar to in face-to-face settings because the students’ requirements are the same in both situations. The online tutors need to guide the students through their learning process according to what they have chosen as modules. In the case of distance learners in higher education, the primary challenge is to assist students in understanding concepts, in the absence of face-to-face interaction. The online tutor must apply the skills of a conventional face-to-face tutor using the internet medium, not only to create a friendly learning environment but also to facilitate interaction, participate in discussions, provide feedback, and help with explanations and course content-related queries. Therefore, teaching using the internet medium is not an easy task. Online tutors should adopt different teaching strategies and use online collaboration software for online activities. Furthermore, some strategies and tools discussed in this article may support these new educators during their online tuition tasks to optimize the online learning process.
The blended tutoring is more for the symbiotic relationship between online tutoring and face-to-face tutoring. Students have opportunities to reflect on their learning experiences through different mediums, and by understanding their learning profile, are provided with further study strategies. Many online tutoring issues were raised in this study, related to providing personalized feedback, clarifying students’ misunderstandings, cognitive feedback, misunderstanding of comments, question repetition, student professionalism, use of student names, non-discipline legislation, motivational programs, design of educational software, focus on reading subtleties, and preparation prior to virtual interaction. In addition to these aspects, the result of this query showed that online tutoring should not be in isolation, but rather a complementary element to the teaching/learning process. Nevertheless, there is one question that needs to be addressed when referring to online tutoring: who are the students of today?
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