mathematics homework help

mathematics homework help

Exploring Advanced Topics in Mathematics: A Comprehensive Guide for Students

1. 1. Introduction to Advanced Mathematics

This book is meant to act as a guide for those freshmen who are taking an advanced mathematics course to introduce them to some of the more abstract concepts that are being implemented by their instructors and to show them that even these abstract theories can play a major role in practical decisions. In Chapter I, I give a brief introduction to the concept of sets, points in n-dimensional space, functions and the real numbers. In Chapter II, I look at the properties of some of the most basic mathematical objects that students have been dealing with all the way through high school and most stages of college: the numbers, particularly the integers.

What is advanced mathematics? Quite often, particularly in high school and at the elementary college level, mathematics courses are geared primarily towards the elucidation of problems from physical science, engineering, management science, computer science, etc. However, the theory of an advanced mathematics course is largely concerned with the way in which the definitions and assumptions of the calculus (limits, continuity, uniform continuity, etc., for example) lead to properties and theorems of functions that are remarkably important in all types of applications. In general, quite a bit of abstraction exists in an advanced mathematics course that newly exposed students often miss.

2. 2. Algebraic Structures and Abstract Algebra

For instance, suppose we have a collection of mathematical expressions like 2+5 = 8, 3 × 7 = 21, and (x + x) × (y – y) = (c × c) × 0, and we want to prove a general lemma that states the significance of the equality in a large number of expressions. The question is, what is the sum or product of two expressions of this form? Since the expressions are expressions of equality, we can define the sum of their left-hand sides to be the sum of the expressions themselves, or 2+3=5, for instance, and the sum of their right-hand sides, or 8+21=29, in this case. Since 5 is not equal to 29, even in the “universal sense”, we cannot ignore the necessity of specifying whether we want to sum the left-hand or the right-hand sides of the equality.

In a sense, all of mathematics is abstract: it deals with quantities given solely by their properties and their relations to each other. The field of abstract mathematics known as abstract algebra, or sometimes simply algebra, is characterized most fundamentally by this form of abstractness. It is the study of the most universal and general concepts connected with arithmetical operations (like addition and multiplication), of general relations between these concepts, and of the large range of mathematical systems in which these relations hold. This definition is so general that some people say that all of mathematics is algebra!

3. 3. Calculus and Analysis Beyond the Basics

Calculus and others concerned with one and higher real variable functions have the distinction of being studies which are fairly simple to undertake at an introductory level, due in good part to the power of concrete geometric intuition about curves, areas, and volumes, yet become forbiddingly complex and elegant if we imagine extending our basic concepts to take into account issues of form and dimension in matter incapable of concrete classical measurement. Even using the relatively simple tools which we learn from calculus, we learn that there’s actually an infinite amount of information to be known about any geometric shape beyond merely knowing a prescribed selection of straight line paths through its volume, and so an extension to the chain of measurements we know how to do with a straight curve appears to be of interest. Also, an extension to the selection of data that defines a path capable of being considered (arcs of straight lines) could provide information about a curve we cannot see.

In this section, we stand at a crucial crossroads on the roadmap of advanced mathematics and look into the heart of the subject with the study of higher-level calculus and analysis. The climax of high school mathematics in terms of difficulty is most probably calculus. Unfortunately, lots of students never get a chance to learn about these topics until long after the window closes to try actual new research on the subject. We will be crossing through mountainous terrain in our future studies, noting at each step the breathtaking views from the peaks and the paths to strikingly different and unknowable lowlands which lead us back to higher ground.

4. 4. Geometry and Topology: A Deep Dive

Topology is a sub-discipline of mathematics that has been derived from geometry by refining it or by abstracting from its common course. The field of topology is not the same as common geometry, and it has also been separated from geometry by mathematicians. Still, the first textbooks on topology contain both matter on topology and common geometry. Many institutions use it in the first year because it’s generally easy to grasp the student’s attention as it has small or large pieces from common geometry. It’s great because it is not always abstract, it accepts the questions of individuals on problems, and it defines a field with a low complexity degree but gives enough propositions. But the subtle distinction from geometry does not change what it is. As I said, we are talking about a mathematical subject.

“Geometry and Topology”, what are these and how can they be different? These fields did not start differently, but they became separate from one another after a while. The word “geometry” comes from Greek and means “measurement of land; a field”, which is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. This field is the study of sizes, shapes, dimensions, and relative positions of figures and properties of space. This does not require a rigorous logical argument. What I am trying to say is that the founders of geometry had no theorems until they showed that drawing the line and drawing the number 2 can create a rectangle. So, for both of them, a technical argument would have been required, but this is not the point. With the word “geometry”, we normally associate shapes, lines, circles, angles, planes, boys, and girls, but that’s not it. Geometry also talks about the space we are in, attraction laws of course as an upper level. And I am telling you this because you could have a prejudice like “I study the founding lesson, but I am in the Algebra department” or “I’m in the math department, but topology, algebra subjects like.” Do not worry, the important thing is the mathematics, not the name.

5. 5. Applications of Advanced Mathematics in Various Fields

In mathematics, we study the solved problems by human beings seriously. As a result, we are able to formulate mathematical theorems and apply them to unsolved problems and try to solve those problems. Thus, learning with logic are ever-present tools in human thinking. In what way are science and mathematics related to our daily life? In Chapter 4, we have discussed certain mathematical models and their applications in various fields, such as graphs, relations and functions, vectors, relations in partial fractions, etc., as applied to various sciences. In this chapter, we shall try to present many more such applications.

In algebra, we have seen various identities, i.e. 1 + 1 = 2, a^2 – b^2 = (a – b)(a + b), a^3 – b^3 = (a – b)(a^2 + ab + b^2) etc., along with the popular Pythagoras theorem. All of these can be translated into questions and are capable of being related to real-world situations; for example, the above equation gives the distance traveled in a rectangle. Behind the horizon, there are indeed many mathematical concepts that have applications. In any field of science or mathematics, good, solid mathematical ideas form the basics. So we begin by asking – what is science? Science is often described as the knowledge concerning the nature of various phenomena and their hidden causes. What is mathematics? The word ‘mathematics’ is derived from the Greek word ‘mathematos’ which means ‘learning’.