chemistry homework help free

chemistry homework help free

The Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide

1. Introduction to Chemistry

The history of chemistry spans a period of four to five thousand years. The roots of chemical change are in daily experiences as simple as boiling an egg or making a loaf of bread. Without a clear understanding of things which surround us, we should be living in a totally confusing world. The explanations came at an early stage of the development of civilization as they sought methods for supervising the chemistry involved in these changes. For these reasons, chemistry is considered the “central science” since all other scientific disciplines need a proper understanding of the concept of chemistry. Consequently, chemistry has fertile links with physics, biology, geology, and environmental science. The tools of chemistry are universal since we have to deal with small particles. This has expanded the horizons for carrying out additional research. In the modern age, man has started evaluating the actions that take place inside life bodies, such as plant and animal organisms. Also, the steps occurring within a piece of metal or a stone can be examined. All of these studies inevitably lead to the realm of chemistry. In deriving the various theories which provide the foundations, the only tool which can assist us is experimentation. The underlying concepts which need to be examined are the fundamentals of chemistry.

Chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the composition of substances and the changes they undergo in the course of time. It specifies the rules governing these changes and has the ability to predict the direction of these changes. This has provided an opportunity to make new substances which can have properties that have great commercial value. The physical theory of chemistry provides a logical basis for further development.

2. Chemical Reactions and Equations

Significance and Uses of Reaction: An understanding of reactions is crucial to understand the joining together of atoms to make molecules. This is fundamental to all sciences including biology, physics, geology, astronomy, material science, etc. because everything is made out of atoms attached to each other. The reactions are used for a wide variety of purposes in everyday life and in many areas of technology. Reactions are involved in the preparation of important minerals – nutrients present in the food and variety of materials used in construction, paints, cements, ceramics, glass, etc. and precious metals such as gold, silver, etc. Our kitchen cooking as well as the petrochemical processes that produce gasoline, diesel fuel, and plastics are also based on chemical reactions. The reactions are the basis of life – both in animate and inanimate world.

Introduction: Have you ever observed the rusting of iron or the burning of wood? Do these changes seem interesting to you? How do these changes occur? These changes occur due to the formation of new substances and their properties are completely different from the reactants. These changes are interesting to us, making them a very important activity for us to study. These are nothing but chemical reactions. A chemical reaction involves rearranging the atoms of the reactants to give one or more different products. One substance vanishes and new substances are formed. Chemical reactions are represented by chemical equations. A chemical equation is a symbolic representation of what happens when two substances react together.

3. The Periodic Table and Chemical Bonding

Intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonds are also discussed in chemical bonding, as well as their place in chemistry.

Ionic bonding occurs when atoms transfer one or more electrons to form negatively charged ions, which are then attracted to each other to balance the charge. An electron must be removed to get the most stable electron configuration of a full last orbital to be transferred in this method of bonding. Ionically bonded substances can be identified by their ability to form crystals using other physical characteristics. Ionic bonds are excellent conductors of electricity and dissolve in water. Ions of opposite charges merge to form a crystal lattice, which gives ionic substances other characteristic features.

Covalent bonding is formed when two atoms share electrons. This kind of bonding occurs in organic and inorganic compounds that aren’t ionic. Metals come together by forming electron clouds in this kind of bonding, and their magnetic properties are influenced by them.

Three types of interactions may occur between atoms, resulting in the merging of two or more small orbitals to produce a bigger modified atom. The procedure of combining small atomic orbitals to form bigger orbitals is known as chemical bonding, which is one of the most significant ideas in chemistry. The experts refer to the various methods in which these small orbitals merge to form molecular orbitals, including covalent, ionic, and metallic bonding.

The periodic table is frequently referenced in the study of chemistry to help identify the properties and behaviors of the elements. Periods, groups, metals, non-metals, and metalloids are the major classifications of the periodic table. The elements in the periodic table that are placed in the same group have similar atomic and chemical behaviors.

4. Acids, Bases, and pH Scale

You don’t have to spend very long living in the world of wildlife before you know something about what makes an acid different from a base. The internal systems of the body, the cleaning agents of humans, and the synthesizers of drugs are just a few examples in which acids and bases have a crucial role to play. An acid is a compound that donates hydrogen ions when in an aqueous solution. It tastes sour, conducts electricity, and changes blue litmus paper to red. It also makes a fizzing sound when mixed with a carbonate. A base is a compound that reacts with an acid to produce a salt. Bases include hydroxide ions (OH-) and metal oxides. Bases will turn red litmus paper blue, taste bitter, feel slippery, and are good conductors of electricity.

The pH scale allows us to measure the acidity or alkalinity of solutions. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral. Higher pH values are alkaline (also called “basic”), and lower pH values are acidic. During the reaction of an acid with a base, the acid’s characteristics and the base’s characteristics are destroyed. The reaction makes something completely new. This type of reaction is called a neutralization reaction because an acid to base reaction gets neutral.

5. Common Laboratory Techniques

Learning Objectives: 1. Explain the importance of laboratory safety and demonstrate its impact on desired laboratory outcome. 2. Use common laboratory equipment and instrumentation in the performance of routine chemical tests and their application(s). 3. Prepare standard solutions and dilutions. 4. Manipulate and record laboratory measurements to facilitate data analysis. 5. Apply accepted laboratory techniques to separate laboratory samples. 6. Develop a critical test to establish or develop a hypothesis regarding the outcome of a chemical test.

Common laboratory practices and safety precautions are important in the chemistry laboratory. Experimental techniques and methods are defined by the key tasks of analytical and synthetic chemistry. For the analytical chemist, basic measurements are made and the ultimate goal is to answer the question, “What is it?” Most often a chemist wants to determine the product of a chemical reaction. In a synthetic preparation, the question becomes, “What will I get?” as well as “How much will I get?” and “How can I purify the product?” Experimental protocols such as the separation, identification, and purification processes of chromatography (a physical separation technique) are common techniques used in synthesis and analysis. The techniques of synthetic work align with experimental nutritional techniques such as weighing on a balance, collecting and measuring liquid volumes in a graduated cylinder, and reflux as simplifies distillations and extractions. In all cases, chemists must be accurate, precise, and safe in their handling of chemicals.