chemistry assignment help

chemistry assignment help

Exploring the Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide

1. Introduction to Chemistry

In simple terms, chemistry is the study of matter and the changes that take place with that matter. It mainly gives us an insight into the world of various chemical compositions whirling around us. It also gives a deeper meaning to the several ions and compounds serving different purposes in our daily lives. Chemistry allows us to understand the changes around us well. The word Chemistry has been derived from Alchemy – an age-old quest for the Philosopher’s Stone, starting as early as the Hellenistic period. Chemistry as a separate discipline owes its genesis to the great Arab scientist Jabir ibn Hayyan, who in the early 8th century revolutionized the research in the field. The word “chemistry” is said to have originated from the word Alchemy, which in Arabic is al-kimia and al-kimia in turn from Greco-Roman degenerated form of the word “Khemia”. With the degradation of classical knowledge this word alchemy adopted an entirely different meaning necessitating the introduction of a new word chemistry. The word was introduced around the 17th century when many enthusiastic scholars started renovating the subject. So, it was accepted as the subject of Chemistry, which is widely acclaimed as the central science.

Welcome to this comprehensive guide on chemistry. This book, as you can see, is about chemistry. But, without understanding what chemistry truly means, delving into this comprehensive beginner’s guide might not make much sense. In this introductory chapter, we will highlight the essentials and provide a glimpse into the concept of chemistry. We will also educate you about how chemistry evolved, and what place it actually holds in our daily lives. All systems – living and non-living, have something to do with chemistry. Life with all its complexities and life-saving drugs, resonate with the ideas of chemistry, because, after all, our very existence hinges on a better understanding of chemical phenomena.

2. Key Concepts in Inorganic Chemistry

The first significant classification of elements was made by Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer. They classified the elements based on their similarity, in which a change in the physical and chemical properties should occur. When the elements were arranged in their order of increasing atomic weights, it was found that every eighth element showed similar properties, and these properties are repeated when the elements are arranged in a table form. This was known as the law of octaves. Later on, in the year 1869, Mendeleev published a new classification of elements. According to Mendeleev, properties of elements increased with increasing atomic number. It suggested that Mendeleev classified 63 elements into seven periods, and elements were placed in groups. The group is the vertical column of the periodic table, and period refers to the horizontal row. The group elements belong to the same chemical family, having identical properties. Each period starts with the filling of subshell and outermost electronic shell, which is known as a valence shell. The number of elements in the periodic table was increased from time to time. At present, there are 118 elements.

In most undergraduate levels of chemistry, the topics are sub-classified based on periodic trends, chemical bonding, properties of elements, and their reactivity, which is known as inorganic chemistry. This review is aimed to discuss the fundamental concepts of inorganic chemistry, which are the basic primary factors associated with the learning of inorganic chemistry. It mainly focuses on the learning of periodic trends, s-block and p-block elements from group 1 to group 18, hydrogen, d-block or transition elements from group 3 to group 12, followed by the lanthanide and actinide series, which includes redox patterns, electronic configurations, and crystal field theory. The coordination compounds, including nomenclature, isomerism in coordination compounds, bonding in coordination compounds, and the importance of coordination compounds in the medicinal and analytical field, are outcomes of inorganic chemistry.

3. Understanding Organic Chemistry

Organic chemistry is the study of molecules of living and non-living systems that contain a carbon atom. Organic compounds are molecules that contain elements – usually carbon and hydrogen. That is not the rule, but it is the general rule when it comes to understanding organic chemistry. Organic chemistry study is of the 16th-17th-century preconceptions about there being a vital force that distinguished organic from inorganic compounds. Organic chemistry includes the structure of such molecules, the study of the compositions involved, the prepared pathways studied, and their synthesis. The chemical behavior of the organic matter and the derivatives of the molecules also assess the potential further use of these organic compounds. Organic chemistry is also a bridge to inorganic chemistry, where both reactions and bonding match characteristics of inorganic compounds always covering the carbon atom-containing compounds.

An organic compound is one that contains carbon. This fun fact allows for the vastness of organic chemistry. We call organic compounds hydrocarbons. As we explore the world of organic chemistry, we will eventually discuss a vast range and variety of organic compounds. Once we have mastered the organic reactions, we will be able to alter one organic compound. We will carry out changes in the carbon chain, and at some stage, we will also create snippets of high importance to the modern world – soaps, solvents, pharmaceutical drugs, flavor and fragrance chemicals, personal care products, polymers, paints, and much more. That is the role of organic chemistry. It is vast and diverse.

Executive Summary – A Snapshot of What You Need to Know

An Introduction to Organic Chemistry

4. The Role of Chemistry in Daily Life

Chemistry is everywhere in the world around us. Every object in anything has some chemicals and everything that you see is made up of chemicals. Even our body is made up of chemical compounds. There are different reactions occurring in our atmosphere every day like breathing, light, food, etc. Biology is based on chemistry. The clothes you are wearing, the food you eat, everything in everything is related to chemistry. The food we eat is a mixture of various chemicals like glucose, coal, proteins, etc. Cotton, jute, etc., which we wear are also chemicals.

In the earlier sections, we saw that chemistry has played a very important part in the development of mankind from the discovery of fire to the latest iPhone. In various walks of life and in everything that it is possible to do or make, chemistry plays an essential role. For example, agriculture is a branch of chemistry as it deals with the growth, development, and protection of plants by the use of chemical compounds. Similarly, cooking is also a great art of chemistry. Even in our houses, we use so many things like soaps, detergents, washing powders, cosmetics, and perfumes which we use in one or other form every day are also the products of various chemical reactions. Similarly, confectioner, photography, treatment of diseases like cancer, etc., alcohol, drugs, intoxicants, etc., PV cells, etc., everything has evidence of the application of chemistry in daily life.

Importance in Everyday Life

5. Applications of Chemistry in Various Industries

Technology Industry – Virtual reality, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and machine learning are some examples of today’s modern technology. Along with the dawn of new technology, there has also been an emissions shift. In order to have a lower carbon and cost-effective world, chemistry has played an essential role by controlling energy expenditure, generating biomass, and developing energy-efficient batteries.

Agriculture Industry – In the process of farming, fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, thereby increasing their growth and biological fitness. In the development of the fertilizer industry, a high portion of chemical engineering was used. Chemical reactions are involved in the production of fertilizers. The manufacture of new salts, single and mixed, and the treatment of existing and innovative inorganic basic chemicals are part of this industry. Fertilizers play a key role in increasing agricultural production. The industry is booming as India’s agrarian economy evolves.

Pharmaceutical Industry – Medicines prepared from various chemicals are used for curing human diseases. Three types of medicines are manufactured in this industry: tablets, injections, and syrups. They are prepared from chemicals. Some pills consist of ice ‘n substances or poisonous pieces of glass, so purification is required after every complex reaction. They go through a solvent refining process, which produces 50% energy and eliminates 40% fuel usage. In this sector, solvent refining off-gas includes a variety of chemical substances, including heavy hydrocarbons that can emit volatile organic compounds (VOC) when cooling.

Chemistry is the basis of the origin of life. We encounter chemistry in every facet of the world, such as the medicine we take, agrichemicals, and solar energy. All of them show the inextricable connection between modern science and chemistry as one of its branches. Industry is an important application of chemistry where many chemical reactions are conducted for various products. Some examples of industries involved are petroleum, coal, pharmaceutical, and metal.