english literature authors
Exploring the Impact of English Literature Authors on Western Culture
According to Herbert Clark, there are four questions that can direct you in your analysis of making up the mind of the author: what contents the authors cited are about? What contribution each author indexed have? What does Shakespeare have indexed? And, finally, what would a given English course be like if contemporary India was a compulsory index? For the reason that culture is made by choice and not by accumulation, first we should give all the necessary steps in the first two questions. Shakespeare’s importance, at that time, will show by itself. Now, “indexing” – there’s the rub, as Hamlet would say. To start with, what indexing is not. It is not what the newspaperman, in an irresponsible moment, calling it the record of almost everything that one way or another is part of the human experience.
Many people consider English literature authors as contributing considerably to the advantages of Western culture. The English literature is broadly known because of William Shakespeare, Britain’s national poet. Assuming for a moment that particular examples of English literature fall in the general group of Humanistic Studies, where are the great authors like Shakespeare and their masterpieces? Up to date, authors like William Shakespeare, the Bronte Sisters, Charles Dickens, Alexander Pope, J.R. Tolkien, T.S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Joseph Conrad, Van Gogh, and Edgar Allan Poe appear to us just weighed simply as writers. However, how do they make up the Strand Culture?
Charles Dickens (1812-1870), the novelist that everybody knows, the brilliant playwright, Geoffrey General anxious to demonstrate that the novel is not dealt only in ‘fragments and dabs’ or in the ‘beastly serial system’ and is capable of fascinating London evening audience during the entire length of a novel published in 20 monthly parts and representing 8 months work. A literary man who doesn’t mind being seen at the same moment wrapped up in the drear overcoat of his composition, among coffins, pantaloons, blacking bottles, blind daughters, creditors, maiden aunts and monied uncles. He treated the misery of the working class in the way a novelist had not done before. Because, according to him, ‘rook-like, ‘they (the poor) love their own wings. At the same time he lifted them into national notice and sympathy, showing in their case and at their expense that richness and judgment are not necessarily linked.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616), the most universally passionate, philosophical, and fastidious observer or assailant of life in general, but above all of life and personality in its ordinary social hours. And naturally, none of these observations were aimless talk. His characters are not merely observers, consumers, as the polite are called, but active figures which we feel to be possible: be they noble spirits, the figure of the modern citizen or the rout of London streets. This means that Shakespeare understood deeply and closely the life of his era and possessed an extraordinary creative imagination to communicate this understanding to men of different times and different civilizations. To watch Hamlet, Macbeth, and Lear means to understand better one’s own soul and the puzzling destiny to which destiny submits us, in body and mind, without asking us whether we are willing or not.
An important facet of the realistic novel was the drama of middle-class life; here one must credit the influence of Samuel Richardson, who pioneered virtually all the techniques used later against the backdrop of the fat bourgeois John Bull in unusual trouble. At one level, the realistic novel was a vast romance, and all the authors, from Richardson, Mrs. Aphra Behn, and Mrs. Frances Sheridan through Austen and Emily Bronte, each a potential Mrs. Gummidge or a second Assistant Secretary for India in the East, were indebted to the Romancier. Emily Bronte injected into the English realistic novel a strain of Calvinistic gloom which had come to her Jungfrawilde in the literature of the North. Long before she portioned out her novels to the English reading public, Maria Edgeworth, in her heroines and her marriage partners, was counterpoising romantic sentimentality with the hard facts of middle-class life.
In the 19th and 20th centuries, England was a literary dynamo, and many of the trends in the world’s literature can be traced back to its shores. The novels of George Eliot, Charles Dickens, and William Thackeray created the English realistic novel, which dominated fiction for a century, influencing writers as far away as Tolstoy and Zola. Thomas Hardy, D. H. Lawrence, George Moore, Arnold Bennett, and other realists and naturalists perpetuated the tradition into the first decade of the 20th century. Appreciation of humor became increasingly great, and Jane Austen, Thackeray, Charles Dickens, Carlyle, Yeats, and Oscar Wilde won national and international renown. The English country nobleman author furnished his share of fun in the St. James Gazette and the best magazines.
Constituting a large, diverse, and disparate gathering of some of the world’s most famous writers, from Chaucer to Shakespeare to Jane Austen to Charles Dickens, British literature is an unequalled accumulation of writings from distinct periods that stretch over a millennium of history. Close scrutiny and study of these landmark texts raise valuable insights, perspectives, and concepts that are available for today’s neoliberal world. The relationship between the literature of the past and the present sets the building blocks for a free, diverse, and vibrant democracy. In a world where nationalism and ethnocentrism pretend to offer viable alternatives, this experiment has become largely frustrating and uncertain.
The legacy and continued relevance of authors such as William Shakespeare, Jane Austen, and other major contributors to the English literary canon goes beyond the succession of new adaptations, retranslations, academic analysis, and various commercial uses of their work. In the process of providing youthful readers of these classic authors with some ability to engage with literary classics, teachers report that they encourage students to consider some universal questions, stimulate imagination, encourage the development of interpretation and argument, stimulate connections with other disciplines, emphasize the lasting role of literature, stimulate inquiry into the historical and cultural context in which a text was written, push the limits of reader comfort, promote a demonstration of language flexibility, and build the bridge between the text and the experience of the reader. Project from an English course, British literary classics are rich in thematic content, a crucial aspect of articulating essential questions about existing and continually valid human characteristics and behaviors.
Consider that two-thirds of the population of Britain today has no direct memory of the days when literature did not delight and then form their emotional experience. Hence the well-trod plains of English literature have left us drenched in the platitudes of generality, some valuable truths to celebrate with the influence the authors have they exercise and the continuing ability to allow the general exposure to emotional experience in literature, comes with a price. Our faith in literature has been a reflection of its unspoken belief in itself. It is time to part company with this unreal ideal. As we consider carefully the insights and movements of contemporary criticism today, we should seek to reconstruct the place that literature and the English literary tradition can afford, and how Western Culture can enlist the reflective power of English literature to help us understand the shift in linguistic emphasis we are experiencing.
English literature has played a significant part in showing the complexities of the outside world to diaspora and local culture in the British Isles. In the process, it has become indelibly fixed in the landscape of a supposedly unified national culture. Far from being of solely national interest, however, English literature in the hands of these authors actually has been entwined in the emotional lives of many around the world. Its global contribution has been particularly important to political and social thinking and movements in the Western world and to cultural and critical thought. Yet we need to balance our admiration for the brilliance and attraction of English literature with an understanding of its primary function: with its potential to liberate the imagination; to stir the emotions; to invite meditation; to us to a form of reflection, which in an increasingly assertive, commercial, capitalist, inward-looking culture; we must not lose.
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